Growth in average incomes

According to WIL paper, between 1960 and 2022, India’s average income grew at 2.6% per year in real terms (that is, after removing the effect of inflation). This period can be broadly divided into two halves: “Compared to a real growth rate of 1.6% per year between 1960 and 1990, average incomes grew by 3.6% per year between 1990 and 2022”. It further states that the periods 2005-2010 and 2010-2015 saw the fastest growth at 4.3% and 4.9% per year respectively.

Emergence of very high net worth individuals

The period between 1990 to 2022 witnessed a rise in national wealth and the emergence of very high net worth individuals (those with net wealth exceeding $1 billion at market exchange rate; this number increased from 1 to 52 to 162 in 1991, 2011 and 2022 respectively.

Rise in the percentage of income tax payers

The paper finds that the share of adult population that filed an income tax return — which had remained under 1% till the 1990s — also grew significantly with the economic reforms of 1991. By 2011, the share had crossed 5% and the last decade too saw sustained growth with around 9% of adults filing a return in the years 2017-2020.

Extreme levels of inequality in India

The paper finds that in 2022-23, 22.6% of India’s national income went to just the top 1%, the highest level recorded in the data series since 1922 — this is higher than even during the inter-war colonial period. The top 1% wealth share stood at 40.1% in 2022- 23 — also at its highest level since 1961 when the data series on wealth began. In other words, states the paper, “the ‘Billionaire Raj’ headed by India’s modern bourgeoisie is now more unequal than the British Raj headed by the colonialist forces”. It also notes: “It is unclear how long such inequality levels can sustain without major social and political upheaval.”

Extreme wealth concentration at the very top

The paper notes that a “key feature of the wealth accumulation process in India is the extreme concentration at the very top”. Between 1961 and 2023, the top 1% wealth share increased threefold, from 13% to 39% (see Figure 10a). Most of these gains came post-1991 after which point top 1% shares have been on a steep upward trend right until 2022-23. The wealth concentration within the top 1% as well is extreme. “Consider this: in 2022-23, the top 1% wealth share was 39.5%, 29 percentage points went just to the top 0.1%, 22 percentage points to just the top 0.01% and 16 percentage points to just the top 0.001%”.

International comparison of income inequality

In the paper, the authors put India’s income and wealth inequality levels (as of 2022) in global perspective by comparing India with Brazil, China, France, South Africa, United Kingdom, and the United States. If one looks at the income share of the top 10%, India stands second only second to South Africa (Figure 15a). If, however, one compares the income share of the top 1%, India ends up having the highest levels at 22.6%. “As it happens, India’s top 1% income share appears to be among the very highest in the world based on World Inequality Database data, behind only perhaps Peru, Yemen and a couple of other small countries,” notes the paper.

International comparison of wealth inequality

The picture is slightly less extreme when wealth inequality is considered. “In terms of top wealth shares (Figure 15b), we see that both with top 10% and top 1%, India comes out in the middle of the pack, with Brazil and South Africa standing out with their extreme wealth concentration levels (85.6% and 79.7% top 10% shares respectively),” states the paper.

Poor data leading to likely underestimation of inequality

Notwithstanding such stark findings, the authors “emphasize that the quality of economic data in India is notably poor and has seen a decline recently. It is therefore likely that our results represent a lower bound to actual inequality levels.”

“Implementing a super tax on Indian billionaires and multimillionaires, along with restructuring the tax schedule to include both income and wealth, so as to finance major investments in education, health and other public infrastructure, could be effective measures,” to address the rising inequalities.

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This is an archive article published on March 21, 2024

9 takeaways from World Inequality Lab working paper

The paper, which has been co-authored by Nitin Kumar Bharti, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, and Anmol Somanchi, combines data from national income accounts, wealth aggregates, tax tabulations, rich lists, and surveys on income, consumption, and wealth to arrive at the results

The paper notes that a “key feature of the wealth accumulation process in India is the extreme concentration at the very top”. (Express illustration)

A new working paper, titled “Income and Wealth Inequality in India, 1922-2023: The Rise of the Billionaire Raj”, by World Inequality Lab has estimated that “inequality declined post-independence till the early 1980s, after which it began rising and has skyrocketed since the early 2000s”.

The paper, which has been co-authored by Nitin Kumar Bharti, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, and Anmol Somanchi, combines data from national income accounts, wealth aggregates, tax tabulations, rich lists, and surveys on income, consumption, and wealth to arrive at the results. The WIL is a Paris based global research center focused on the study of inequality and public policies that promote social, economic and environmental justice.

Here are the main takeaways:

01
Growth in average incomes
According to WIL paper, between 1960 and 2022, India’s average income grew at 2.6% per year in real terms (that is, after removing the effect of inflation). This period can be broadly divided into two halves: “Compared to a real growth rate of 1.6% per year between 1960 and 1990, average incomes grew by 3.6% per year between 1990 and 2022”. It further states that the periods 2005-2010 and 2010-2015 saw the fastest growth at 4.3% and 4.9% per year respectively.
02
Emergence of very high net worth individuals
The period between 1990 to 2022 witnessed a rise in national wealth and the emergence of very high net worth individuals (those with net wealth exceeding $1 billion at market exchange rate; this number increased from 1 to 52 to 162 in 1991, 2011 and 2022 respectively.
03
Rise in the percentage of income tax payers
The paper finds that the share of adult population that filed an income tax return — which had remained under 1% till the 1990s — also grew significantly with the economic reforms of 1991. By 2011, the share had crossed 5% and the last decade too saw sustained growth with around 9% of adults filing a return in the years 2017-2020.
04
Extreme levels of inequality in India
The paper finds that in 2022-23, 22.6% of India’s national income went to just the top 1%, the highest level recorded in the data series since 1922 — this is higher than even during the inter-war colonial period. The top 1% wealth share stood at 40.1% in 2022- 23 — also at its highest level since 1961 when the data series on wealth began. In other words, states the paper, “the ‘Billionaire Raj’ headed by India’s modern bourgeoisie is now more unequal than the British Raj headed by the colonialist forces”. It also notes: “It is unclear how long such inequality levels can sustain without major social and political upheaval.”
05
Extreme wealth concentration at the very top
The paper notes that a “key feature of the wealth accumulation process in India is the extreme concentration at the very top”. Between 1961 and 2023, the top 1% wealth share increased threefold, from 13% to 39% (see Figure 10a). Most of these gains came post-1991 after which point top 1% shares have been on a steep upward trend right until 2022-23. The wealth concentration within the top 1% as well is extreme. “Consider this: in 2022-23, the top 1% wealth share was 39.5%, 29 percentage points went just to the top 0.1%, 22 percentage points to just the top 0.01% and 16 percentage points to just the top 0.001%”.
06
International comparison of income inequality
In the paper, the authors put India’s income and wealth inequality levels (as of 2022) in global perspective by comparing India with Brazil, China, France, South Africa, United Kingdom, and the United States. If one looks at the income share of the top 10%, India stands second only second to South Africa (Figure 15a). If, however, one compares the income share of the top 1%, India ends up having the highest levels at 22.6%. “As it happens, India’s top 1% income share appears to be among the very highest in the world based on World Inequality Database data, behind only perhaps Peru, Yemen and a couple of other small countries,” notes the paper.
07
International comparison of wealth inequality
The picture is slightly less extreme when wealth inequality is considered. “In terms of top wealth shares (Figure 15b), we see that both with top 10% and top 1%, India comes out in the middle of the pack, with Brazil and South Africa standing out with their extreme wealth concentration levels (85.6% and 79.7% top 10% shares respectively),” states the paper.
08
Poor data leading to likely underestimation of inequality
Notwithstanding such stark findings, the authors “emphasize that the quality of economic data in India is notably poor and has seen a decline recently. It is therefore likely that our results represent a lower bound to actual inequality levels.”
09
Policy solution
“Implementing a super tax on Indian billionaires and multimillionaires, along with restructuring the tax schedule to include both income and wealth, so as to finance major investments in education, health and other public infrastructure, could be effective measures,” to address the rising inequalities.