One year of Modi 3.0: Complex foreign policy challenges in a chaotic Trump world

India-US ties: Trump, the Disruptor

Since he took charge as President in January, Donald Trump’s actions have plunged the world into uncertainty.

His tariffs on countries around the world have caused massive disruptions in trade and markets, and India has been pushed into negotiating a trade deal with the US.

To signal intent to his domestic base, Trump has made a spectacle of the deportation of illegal immigrants — planeloads of Indians, too, have been returned in shackles.

He has gone after universities like Harvard and Columbia and foreign students in the US, putting several Indian students under scrutiny and causing widespread concern.

With a number exceeding 3.3 lakh, Indians make up one of the largest foreign student cohorts in the US. New Delhi’s diplomatic challenge in Washington has become more complicated in Trump’s world.

India-China ties: Thaw in Ladakh

After four-and-a-half years of confrontation, India and China agreed to disengage troops at two remaining friction points in Depsang and Demchok in eastern Ladakh in October, and to resume patrolling.

Prime Minister Modi and President Xi Jinping met and decided to move towards normalising ties — steps are being taken to organise the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra for Indian pilgrims; talks are underway to restart direct flights, remove curbs on visas for the Chinese, share trans-border river data, and resume exchange of journalists.

But more than 50,000 troops remain deployed on the icy heights, awaiting the next steps of de-escalation and de-induction.

India-Bangladesh ties: Hasina’s fall

After 16 years in power, the Awami League regime in Bangladesh collapsed like a house of cards in the face of street protests from students and activists backed by the political opposition in July-August last year. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina fled, and has been living in India since August 5.

Following the chaotic transition to an interim government led by Nobel laureate Prof Muhammad Yunus, New Delhi’s ties with Dhaka have suffered. Islamists and a spectrum of opportunists have gone after those aligned with Hasina’s regime. Minorities, including Hindus, who benefited from Hasina’s secularist politics, have been attacked, provoking a very strong response from New Delhi. Bangladesh has asked for Hasina to be extradited but India has taken the call of giving her refuge. Yunus has played the China card, and New Delhi has tightened screws on visas and trade.

India will now be watching how inclusive and democratic Bangladesh’s elections, scheduled for April 2026, turn out to be.

PAKISTAN: Blood and Sindoor

India responded to the killing of 26 civilians in Pahalgam first with diplomatic steps — putting the Indus Waters Treaty in abeyance, scrapping all visas and trade, and expelling Pakistani diplomats en masse — and then with the military step of launching attacks on nine terrorist locations, including headquarters of the Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed.

Following four days of military confrontation, during which China’s arms support to Pakistan was evident, a ceasefire was announced. India subsequently spelt out the new normal in its dealings with Pakistan, vowing a response whenever a terror attack takes place again.

THE UPSHOT: Testing times

In a world made chaotic by Trump’s turbulent presidency, India continues to face challenges posed by Pakistan, and China, which continues to stand firmly with its “all-weather friend” and ally.

Moving ahead, President Trump, President Xi, and General Asim Munir will test New Delhi’s diplomatic skills and capacity.