Who is MBS, The 1989 Rubaiya Sayeed abduction case. Read the best of Express Explained.Explained Highlights: For the first time since taking office, US President Joe Biden arrived at the Saudi city of Jeddah on July 15 and met Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, also known by his initials MBS. Biden’s visit, which began with a fist bump with MBS, marked Washington’s attempt to thaw diplomatic relations with Riyadh, stabilise global energy markets and strengthen regional security. We explain.
Rubaiya Sayeed, the daughter of former Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, Friday identified Yasin Malik, the jailed Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) chief, and three others as her abductors in a 1989 kidnapping case. This was Rubaiya’s first appearance before a Special TADA court that had summoned her as a prosecution witness to record her statement.
Eleven districts of Bengal reported at least 65 cases of black fever or ‘Kala-Azar disease in the last couple of weeks, a senior official of the health department said, based on state-administered surveillance. What is Kala Azar or Black fever disease, we explain.
Europe is battling intense wildfires with countries like Spain, Greece and France struggling to stamp out fires and contain the damage.
Thousands of people have been forced to flee their homes, and thousands of hectares of forest land burned to the ground amid a searing heatwave.
Why are wildfires worsening?
Wildfires require right climatic conditions, burnable fuel and a spark. Rising temperatures suck moisture out of plants, creating an abundance of dry fuel. Drought and high heat can kill plants and dry out dead grass, and other material on the forest floor that fuel the fire once it starts sweeping through a patch. While dry vegetation is the burnable fuel that serves as kindling for fires, the spark is sometimes caused by lightning, at other times by accident or recklessness of the local population. (Read more)
Rafael Caro Quitero, an infamous drug lord convicted for torturing and murdering a US Drug Enforcement Administration agent in 1985, was captured by Mexico’s navy on Friday. At least 14 military personnel were killed in the mission as a helicopter crashed in Mexico’s drug-trafficking hotbed, Sinaloa.
“It is probably one of the most important captures of the last decade in terms of importance to the DEA,” Mike Vigil, the DEA’s former chief of international operations, told Reuters.
Who is Caro Quintero, why was he on the FBI’s ‘most wanted’ list? Read here
For the first time since taking office, US President Joe Biden arrived at the Saudi city of Jeddah on July 15 and met Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, also known by his initials MBS. Biden’s visit, which began with a fist bump with MBS, marked Washington’s attempt to thaw diplomatic relations with Riyadh, stabilise global energy markets and strengthen regional security.
Critics have accused Biden of making a U-turn on his earlier stated position of making Saudi Arabia a “pariah” for its alleged role the assassination of The Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi. Raghu Malhotra writes
Rubaiya Sayeed, the daughter of former Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, Friday identified Yasin Malik, the jailed Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) chief, and three others as her abductors in a 1989 kidnapping case. This was Rubaiya’s first appearance before a Special TADA court that had summoned her as a prosecution witness to record her statement.
Malik is currently undergoing a life sentence at Delhi’s Tihar jail after being convicted in a terror funding case in May.
The abduction
On December 8, 1989, Rubaiya was abducted from a mini-bus in Srinagar, when she was returning home from the Lal Ded Memorial Hospital where she was a medical intern.
Just six days before the incident, her father, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, had been sworn-in as the Union Home Minister in the V P Singh government. (Read the full article by Bashaarat Masood)
Eleven districts of Bengal reported at least 65 cases of black fever or ‘Kala-Azar disease in the last couple of weeks, a senior official of the health department said, based on state-administered surveillance.
“Kala-azar was practically eradicated from West Bengal. Recent surveillance, however, led to the detection of 65 cases in 11 districts. Now that these cases have come to the fore, the state will be able to tackle the spread of the disease,” an official told PTI. Earlier this year, Jharkhand had reported its first kala azar-related death in over 8 years. (Read the full article here)
NASA on Tuesday released five images from the early work of the James Webb Space Telescope. The pictures highlighted the great potential of the telescope to plumb the secrets of deep space. Below are some of the things we have learned so far.
The Telescope Works Really, Really Well
NASA’s experience with the Hubble Space Telescope sending back blurry images showed that advanced scientific instruments sometimes did not work as intended. Astronauts made multiple trips to the Hubble to repair it, but no such fixes were possible for the Webb, which is much farther from Earth than any human has traveled.
After the anticipation and anxiety of the launch and then the deployment of the telescope, its mirrors and the sun shield, the mission’s scientists then had to make sure that its scientific tool kit operated properly. (Read more)
Among the lattes, flat whites and espressos on its menu, Tata Starbucks will now feature South Indian filter coffee – one of the “regional favourites” that the chain is introducing, along with masala chai and small bites, as it seeks to expand its reach in India. The fan base of this style of coffee — served milky and hot, usually, in the stainless steel or brass combination of “tumbler” and “davara” — has grown in the last couple of decades. However, its inclusion on the menu of a brand with a pan-India presence might herald a mainstream status that has long eluded filter coffee.
What, exactly, is filter coffee?
Whether in Mylapore, Chennai or Matunga, Mumbai, the fragrance of freshly-roasted beans, with their promise of a hot, bracing shot of the sweet, milky coffee, has long defined a certain, typically South Indian style of coffee drinking experience. (Read the full article by Pooja Pillai)
Twitter Inc.’s lawsuit to force billionaire Elon Musk to make good on his promise to buy the social media giant will be resolved in a small but powerful Delaware court that specialises in high-stakes business disputes.
Twitter has sued Musk in Delaware’s Court of Chancery in an effort to force him to complete a $44 billion takeover deal reached in April. What is the lawsuit about? Read here
There is a certain constriction of vision, perhaps natural to the human condition, which makes it difficult to imagine that the questions that exercise us today may have also occupied those who lived a long time ago.
To misquote L P Hartley, it often feels like the past is a foreign country, where they thought entirely differently from us. Yet, as Ruth Vanita demonstrates in her new book, The Dharma of Justice in the Sanskrit Epics: Debates on Gender, Varna and Species, a scrupulous reading of India’s ancient texts can reveal that there is a greater continuity in our moral and ethical preoccupations than many of us suspect. In this book, Vanita, who also co-authored a seminal text on Indian queer history with Saleem Kidwai, Same-Sex Love in India: A Literary History, tackles the Ramayana and the Mahabharata and how they debate questions of justice.
She argues in the book that “the epics equip characters within the text, as well as readers or listeners, with intellectual tools to dismantle conventional ideas of difference”. Read more.
Just like coughing, sneezing, talking and singing, playing wind instruments — particularly brass ones — can spread respiratory particles that may carry the virus that causes Covid-19, according to a study from Colorado State University (CSU).
Early in the pandemic, CSU engineers led by Professor John Volckens teamed up with musicians and performers to try and quantify respiratory particle emissions from various activities like singing and music-playing, CSU said in a press release. The researchers have now published the results of their measurements of particle emissions from wind instrument-playing, including brass and woodwinds, in the journal Scientific Reports.
They used a cutting-edge aerosol measurement chamber and recruited volunteers to perform in the chamber while aerosol emissions from themselves — or their instruments — were analysed. For the instruments study, they had 81 volunteer performers who played wind instruments including the bassoon, clarinet, French horn, oboe, piccolo, saxophone, trombone, trumpet and tuba. Read more.
Saudi Arabia will open its airspace to all civilian aircraft on Friday (July 15), marking the beginning of flights coming directly from Israel to the Gulf country. US President Joe Biden, who is on an ongoing visit to the two countries, said he would become the first American President to take a flight from Israel to Jeddah, and that the Gulf kingdom “can help build momentum toward Israel’s further integration into the region”.
Flights to Israel from many countries could not so far fly through Saudi airspace, as the two countries do not have diplomatic ties owing to the Israel-Palestine conflict. This is the latest step in the gradual movement towards the normalising of ties between Israel and Saudi Arabia, and Israel and Gulf countries as a whole. Rishika Singh writes
The BJP has taken up the issue of cultivation rights of adivasis and tribals in forest areas in Telangana, and resolved to stage protests and take out motorcycle rallies in their support. BJP MP from Adilabad, Soyam Bapu Rao, has said he would lead protests in the district and that BJP leaders and cadre would till “podu”, or shifting cultivation, lands to defy the government.
The Telangana government had decided in October 2021 to move landless, non-tribal farmers engaged in shifting cultivation inside forests to peripheral areas in an effort to combat deforestation. Chief Minister K Chandrashekar Rao had said that all steps would be taken to ensure that forest land was not encroached upon. He had also said that the rights and livelihoods of traditional forest dwellers would be protected. Sreenivas Janyala writes
A special CBI court in Lucknow on Tuesday (July 12) issued summons against seven individuals, including a former director general of police (DGP) of Uttar Pradesh, and three jail officials, in connection with the death in custody of Dr Yogendra Singh Sachan, a former deputy chief medical officer (CMO) of the state, more than 11 years ago.
The court described Dr Sachan’s death inside a Lucknow jail in 2011 as “prima facie murder”, and summoned the seven individuals, including three retired IPS officers, for murder and criminal conspiracy.
The Uttar Pradesh government, then led by Mayawati, had claimed Dr Sachan had died by suicide. Manish Sahu writes
As gold imports have surged over the last couple of months, the government has raised the duty from 7.5 per cent to 12.5 per cent to discourage imports, provide stability to the currency, and contain the current account deficit (CAD). Investors take refuge in gold in times of high inflation and global uncertainty, especially during a war. Gold prices have come under pressure due to rising interest rates in the United States and other developed economies, and the strengthening of the dollar.
This raises the question: what should gold investors do? Experts say that irrespective of the current negatives, investors can continue with their long-term gold investments in a staggered manner. Sandeep Singh and George Mathew write
The first case of monkeypox was confirmed in India on July 14, after a person who had returned to Kerala from abroad developed symptoms of the disease.
What are the key symptoms of monkeypox?
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), monkeypox begins with a fever, headache, muscle aches, back ache, and exhaustion. It also causes the lymph nodes to swell (lymphadenopathy), which smallpox does not. The World Health Organisation underlines that it is important not to confuse monkeypox with chickenpox, measles, bacterial skin infections, scabies, syphilis and medication-associated allergies.
How long does it take for symptoms to show after infection?
Monkeypox is usually a self-limiting disease with symptoms lasting from two to four weeks. The incubation period (time from infection to symptoms) for monkeypox is usually 7-14 days but can range from 5-21 days. The Health Ministry notes that the period of communicability is “1-2 days before the rash until all the scabs fall off/get subsided”.
How does the disease progress?
The disease goes through four different phases. The first invasion period, which is between 0-5 days, is characterised by fever, headache and lymph node swelling. The swelling of the lymphnodes is one of the characteristic features of monkeypox and is not observed in similar rash causing diseases like measles and chickenpox.
Economist and Nobel laureate Michael R Kremer has said that for a diverse country like India randomised controlled trials (RCTs) must be carried out at multiple sites for better analysis and to see differences across states. What are randomised controlled trials, how do they work? Rishika Singh explains
Ripudaman Singh Malik, who was shot dead in Surrey, British Columbia, in Canada on Thursday (July 14), was acquitted by a Canadian court in 2005 of charges in the bombing of an Air India jet in 1985, in which 329 passengers and crew were killed. What happened when Air India’s Kanishka aircraft was bombed in 1985, and how was Ripudaman Singh Malik linked to the attack? Man Aman Singh Chinna explains
The Union Environment Ministry’s latest draft notification on Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA) in the Western Ghats is facing stiff opposition in Karnataka. Lawmakers from the Malnad region, situated on the slopes of Western Ghats in Karnataka, will meet the state’s Home Minister Araga Jnanendra on July 18 to oppose the ESA draft notification. What does it say, and what is Karnataka's stand on the matter? Aksheev Thakur explains
Andhra Pradesh has rejoined the crop insurance scheme Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana after having opted out in 2019-20. Which other states remain out, and what are their issues with the scheme? Harikishan Sharma explains
Young people face higher health risks from alcohol consumption than older adults, according to a new analysis published in The Lancet. The analysis from the Global Burden of Disease is the first study to report alcohol risk by geographical region, age, and sex. Using estimates of alcohol use in 204 countries, researchers calculated that 1.34 billion people (1.03 billion males and 0.312 billion females) consumed harmful amounts in 2020. Read more here
Ripudaman Singh Malik, an accused in the 1985 Air India bombing who was acquitted in 2005, was shot dead in Surrey in Canada on Thursday morning. Manraj Grewal Sharma lists five things to know about him.
Ahead of the Monsoon session beginning July 18, a major row erupted Thursday over a 50-page compilation of words deemed unfit for use in Parliament, released by the Lok Sabha secretariat. With the Opposition terming the unparliamentary words list a “gag order” meant to shield the Narendra Modi government against “criticism”, Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla clarified that “no words had been banned”.
What are unparliamentary words, and how is the list prepared? Why is there controversy over the new list? Liz Mathew explains
Two of Australia’s top retail chains are under investigation after a report revealed that they were using intrusive face recognition technology and collecting data in their stores without their customers’ knowledge.
The Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC) announced on Tuesday that it was investigating the personal information handling practices of home improvement chain Bunnings and big box retailer Kmart following a report by consumer advocacy group CHOICE.
This is not the first time the use of facial recognition technology in Australia has stoked fears about privacy. Activists and human rights organisations have flagged the widespread use of the technology, warning it could potentially result in the country becoming a surveillance state.
Why are Australian retail chains being probed for facial recognition technology?
Australia’s privacy regulator has announced it is investigating the use of facial recognition technology by Bunnings and Kmart at their stores. Meanwhile, the companies have said they employed the technology to better protect their staff and customers, and to prevent incidents of shoplifting, The Guardian reported.
Last month, CHOICE reported the two companies, both of which are owned by Wesfarmers Ltd, as well as the appliances chain The Good Guys to the OAIC. The CHOICE investigation found the companies were “capturing the biometric data of their customers”, and that about 76 per cent of customers did not know the technology was being used in stores, Australian news network ABC reported. Soon after, The Good Guys announced it was pausing the use of the technology, ABC reported.
Amidst the ongoing political and economic turmoil in Sri Lanka, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has booked Lakshadweep MP Mohammed Faizal P P and his relative Abdul Razik for allegedly colluding with a Colombo-based company to cheat fishermen in Lakshadweep.
The agency on Tuesday (July 12) conducted searches at both the NCP MP’s Lakshadweep residence and his government-allotted flat in New Delhi. The residences and office premises of other accused, spread across Lakshadweep, Delhi, and Calicut, were also searched. What is the tuna export case? We explain
The Global Gender Gap Index for 2022 was released by the World Economic Forum (WEF) Wednesday, and it ranks India at 135 out of 146 countries. In 2021, India was ranked 140 out of 156 countries.
What is the Global Gender Gap Index?
The Global Gender Gap index “benchmarks the current state and evolution of gender parity across four key dimensions (Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment)”. According to the WEF it is the longest-standing index, which tracks progress towards closing these gaps over time since its inception in 2006. Read full Explainer here
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has removed some crucial data from the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) website.
The information removed includes the annual returns of NGOs and a list of NGOs whose licences have been cancelled.
The FCRA website used to maintain detailed data on NGOs granted licences; NGOs granted prior permission for receiving foreign contribution; NGOs whose licences have been cancelled, and the ones whose licences are deemed to have expired. It also had the annual returns of NGOs. Read full Explainer here
Sri Lanka’s President Gotabaya Rajapaksa fled overnight to Maldives on an Air Force aircraft. According to reports, Gotabaya was taken to a resort after landing in Male in the early hours of Wednesday (July 13). His further plans were not clear.
Gotabaya had been reported to have previously made attempts to fly to the United States, but had apparently failed to get a visa. Other reports had said he was thwarted at the airport while trying to leave for a country in the Middle East. Why did he ultimately choose the Maldives? We explain
Sri Lanka’s Speaker Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena has announced that President Gotabaya Rajapaksa has conferred powers on Prime Minister Ranil Wickremsinghe to function as the Acting President under Article 37.1 of the Constitution.
This means that President Rajapaksa, who fled to the Maldives in a Sri Lankan Air Force plane in the early hours of Wednesday (July 13) after previous unsuccessful attempts to leave the country, has not yet resigned.
Even so, Speaker Abeywardena continued to say on Wednesday that Gotabaya would indeed resign, as planned. Read full Explainer here
The Unification Church confirmed on Monday (July 11) that the mother of Tetsuya Yamagami, the man arrested for assassinating former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, was its member. Yamagami, 41, told police that he held a “grudge” against the organisation because his mother had made large donations to the church, which had caused financial ruin to his family.
He was under the impression that former Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi had brought the religious organisation to Japan and “thought about killing his grandson, former Prime Minister Abe,” Japanese broadcaster NHK reported. Read full Explainer here
The Islamic Republic of Iran in its latest crackdown on dissenters arrested three film directors, Jafar Panahi, Mohammad Rasoulof, and Mostafa Aleahmad.
Rasoulof, a Berlinale awardee, was arrested along with colleague Aleahmad for posting a statement on social media urging members of the Iranian security forces to lay down their weapons following protests over the Abadan building collapse, which killed over 40 people.
Panahi, who had gone to the prosecutor’s office in Tehran on Monday evening to check on Rasoulof, was also arrested by security forces, The Associated Press reported. Why have they been arrested? We explain
The Supreme Court on Monday (July 11) said the central government is bound to advise the President to exercise his powers of remission to release gangster and 1993 Bombay serial blasts convict Abu Salem Abdul Kayyum Ansari after he has served 25 years in prison, in keeping with the sovereign assurance given by the Government of India to Portugal from where he was extradited.
What were the charges against Abu Salem?
The first case related to the murder of one Pradeep Jain over the non-payment of some money in a civil dispute, on March 7, 1995. He was charged under various sections of IPC, Arms Act, and Terrorists and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA). Read full Explainer here
The Punjab government for the first time this season introduced a policy to procure summer moong on MSP, subject to some stringent rules. But with private players purchasing more, the government now has also decided to pay the difference between purchase price and the MSP of Rs 7,275 per quintal with Rs 1,000/ quintal as the upper limit.
How much summer moong production is expected this year?
Around 4 lakh quintals moong is expected to be produced in Punjab and against 2.98 lakh quintals last year, according to the state government. Read full Explainer here
On Tuesday, the euro achieved parity with the US dollar. In other words, in terms of the exchange rate, one euro became equal to one US dollar. This is only the second time since 2002 that the euro has fallen this low to a dollar (see chart below). The weakening in the euro against the dollar shows that investors are pulling out money from the Eurozone and into the US.
Read full explainer here
On Monday, the Supreme Court underlined that “there is a pressing need” for reform in the law related to bail and called on the government to consider framing a special legislation on the lines of the law in the United Kingdom.
What is the ruling about?
A two-judge Bench comprising Justices Sanjay Kishan Kaul and M M Sundaresh issued certain clarifications to an older judgment delivered in July 2021 on bail reform (Satender Kumar Antil vs CBI). The 85-page ruling on Monday is essentially a reiteration of several crucial principles of criminal procedure. Read the full explainer here
The Punjab government for the first time this season introduced a policy to procure summer moong on MSP, subject to some stringent rules. But with private players purchasing more, the government now has also decided to pay the difference between purchase price and the MSP of Rs 7,275 per quintal with Rs 1,000/ quintal as the upper limit. Read full explainer here
India’s Central Bureau of Investigation has joined the Interpol’s International Child Sexual Exploitation (ICSE) initiative that will allow it to collaborate with investigators in other countries for detecting child sex abuse online and identifying abusers, victims, and crime scenes from audio-visual clips using specialised software.
Officials said Monday that India is the 68th country to have access to this database and software. Interpol’s website said that on average, the database helps identify seven child victims everyday globally. Read full Explainer here
President Gotabaya Rajapaksa and Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe of Sri Lanka have both announced they will resign, and so have a clutch of ministers.
But two days after these announcements, no one has actually resigned yet — and Sri Lanka’s divided political fraternity continues to struggle to come together for an orderly transition to a working national unity government. It had been announced earlier that the President would resign on July 13. What happens now?
Banks have invoked the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (Sarfaesi) Act against telecom infrastructure provider GTL to recover their pending dues.
The recovery action has been initiated by IDBI Bank on behalf of lenders, whose total exposure to GTL stood at Rs 7,250 crore as of December 31, 2021, a report in The Financial Express said. What is the Sarfaesi Act? We explain
On Monday (July 11) morning, Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled the National Emblem cast on the roof of the new Parliament building. Work is underway to meet the October-November 2022 deadline for completion of the work.
Cast at the top of the Central Foyer of the new Parliament building, the 6.5-metre-high National Emblem is made of bronze, and weighs 9,500 kg. A supporting structure of steel weighing around 6,500 kg has been constructed to support the Emblem.
The concept sketch and process of casting of the National Emblem on the roof of the building went through eight different stages of preparation from clay modelling/ computer graphics to bronze casting and polishing, officials said. Read full Explainer here
The 1922 Committee, an influential group of Conservative backbench ministers in the UK, will hold its executive elections on Monday (July 11), after which it will establish the rules and the timetable to pick a Tory leader who will be Britain’s next prime minister. The Committee will also decide whether or not they want outgoing PM Boris Johnson to remain in power until the new Tory leader steps in.
Johnson had said in his resignation speech on July 7, that he would continue to be PM until a new Tory leader gets elected.
However, former PM Sir John Major has urged the 1992 Committee to immediately remove Johnson from his post and install a new caretaker PM, as it would be “unwise and may be unsustainable” for him to remain in power. What is the 1922 Committee? We explain
After Boris Johnson announced last week that he was resigning as Britain’s prime minister, several Conservative Party candidates have announced they want the job.
There is no clear favourite and the rules of the Conservative Party leadership contest will be announced this week. Check out the list of leaders in the race to become UK’s next prime minister
The present prolonged bout of global food inflation from around end-2020 began with edible oils. Could it end with edible oils? As far as overall food inflation goes, these are still early days. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) food price index hit an all-time high of 159.7 points in March, the month immediately following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Since then, the index — a weighted average of world prices of a basket of food commodities over a base period value, taken at 100 for 2014-15 — has eased a tad, by 3.4%, to 154.2 points in June. Read More
Last week, the Assam Cabinet approved the identification of five Assamese Muslim sub-groups — Goriya, Moriya, Julha, Deshi, and Syed — as “indigenous” Assamese Muslim communities. This effectively sets them apart from Bengali-speaking Muslims, who — or whose ancestors — had migrated at various points of time the region that was once East Bengal, and later became East Pakistan and now Bangladesh. What is the history of these groups, what led to the decision, and which Muslim groups have been left out of the definition of ‘indigenous’? We explain
Over the last 10 days, India’s largest airline IndiGo has seen two bouts of disruption caused by groups of its employees calling in sick at work. Earlier this month, members of the cabin crew went on leave en masse, and last week a group of aircraft technicians reported sick. Obviously, they can’t all be falling ill at the same time. What’s happening?
The Uber Files are a leak of 182 gigabytes of data that were obtained by The Guardian newspaper from an anonymous source and shared with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and its media partners from 30 countries, including The Indian Express. The dump comprises 124,000 records from the 2013-17 period — mainly internal company emails (83,000), and memos, presentations, and WhatsApp messages.
The Uber Files show how the ride-hailing start-up begun by Travis Kalanick in San Francisco in 2010 became a global behemoth by harnessing technology, working around laws, and using aggressive lobbying tactics to curry favour with governments during the period of its dramatic expansion. Read More
Over the past two years, and more so over the past two months, you would have read or heard repeated mentions of India’s forex (short for foreign exchange) reserves and the rupee’s exchange rate. In the immediate past, you would have read that both India’s forex reserves as well rupee’s exchange rate (vis a vis the US dollar) have been falling quite sharply. We explain what these things mean and how they are related