The flutter created by Nano, Tata’s new low-cost car, will not subside soon. This car, costing about one lakh rupees (or $ 2,500), is half the cost of the next cheapest Chinese car. It reportedly meets benchmarks of safety, fuel-efficiency, and emission norms. Sceptics argue that only time will tell if all these claims are valid. However, the widespread enthusiasm accorded to the car represents a new middle-class euphoria. The middle class perceives a sudden sense of empowerment, in which steadily rising incomes bring the fruits of development within grasp. The vast majority seeks to have a car for safety, status, respectability. Nano helps them make this psychological transition. We have been told by C.K. Prahlad that there is enormous wealth at the bottom of the pyramid. Nano is one more example. The rapidly increasing teledensity in semi-urban and rural areas is another. I believe that embracing innovative, low-cost services have wider benefits for the economy, for example, low-cost housing, affordable educational hubs, reliable health care facilities. There are many affirmative actions outlined in the XIth Five Year Plan, which, if implemented, can kindle the ingenuity of the corporate sector. Nano also provides policy makers an opportunity to correct some manifest distortions. First and foremost, to put in place an ‘Integrated Energy Policy.’ Continued subsidisation of fossil-fuel consumption has multiple distortions. The massive under-recoveries from sale of petroleum products by oil companies is clearly iniquitous. The subsidies benefit the affluent and compress resources available for social and physical infrastructure. No doubt, the petroleum sector has constituted an acceptably large percentage of indirect taxes. Rationalising the tax structure for petroleum and related products is an independent exercise that cannot be linked with the broader principle of economic costing for multiple forms of energy. De-politicising the pricing of petrol, diesel and kerosene would help mitigate environmental degradation, minimise adulteration, and free resources for outlay on public goods. It is equally important that even while per capita energy consumption rises, given the current pace of economic development, fostering energy efficiency and investment in renewals must receive added priority. Without a rational pricing policy, investment in renewals will remain commercially non-viable. We have for long known that subsidising electricity, fuel, and other forms of cross subsidy have hardly proved advantageous to the party in office. The outcome in the recent elections for Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh is yet another example. India has entered a cycle of multiple elections this year and the next; leaving energy policies in a mess would be irresponsible. Second, the framework of the Urban Reforms Mission need restructuring. The proposed allocation in the XIth Five Year Plan for the urban sector is grossly inadequate if it is to cope with the inevitable rapid pace of urbanisation, extend mass transport system in non-metro cities and support the development of satellite towns. There are other lessons which the provision of low-cost services has for the urban reform matrix. Third, an Integrated Transport Policy. This goes beyond improved planning and implementation of rural roads, upgrading district roads, state highways and speedier completion of the various components of the ongoing National Highways projects. Improving operations and maintenance, better management of vehicular traffic and application of user charges for road amenities, highway patrolling, provisioning and economic costing of parking space need a more coherent approach. Besides, the public transport systems remain hopelessly inadequate and inefficient. Perhaps the Delhi Metro example need wider and innovative replication in many other cities as well as emerging satellite configurations. Buses, instead of private cars, need fiscal incentives apart from improved quality, investment in driving schools and modernising operations and maintenance. A sensible transport policy would also need to be multi-nodal, including sensible tariffs for different modes of transport for goods and services. De-regulation and competition has made air travel affordable to millions. De-politicising tariff fixation for railways with increased competition will in the long run benefit average passengers. The replication of the Nano model to multiple sectors can make growth genuinely inclusive. India needs to perceive and plan for rising rural and middle-class aspirations. The time has come for their embedded yearnings to be realised.
